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International Calling Code |
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http://www.the-acr.com/codes/cntrycd.htm
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Albania Calling Codes |
Albania 355
Some other
city codes for Albania are Durres 52, Elbassan 545, Korce 824, Shkoder 224 .
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Albania AloArabs Phone Card |
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Albania AloArabs Calling Cards |
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Some Related links to Albania: |
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Albania :
Embassy of Albania in the USA |
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Albania :
CIA - The World Factbook: Albania |
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Albania :
Wikipedia - Albania |
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Albania :
US Library of Congress - Portals to the World: Albania |
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The
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Albania Phone Cards and Albania Calling Cards
ich means "understanding each other".[21][22]
Under the Ottoman Empire Albania was referred to officially as Arnavutluk and its inhabitants as Arnauts (officially, Arnavutlar). These terms remain the same officially and in common usage in the current Republic of Turkey.[23] The word is considered to be a metathesis from the word Arvanite, which was the Medieval Greek name for the Albanians.[24]
History
History of Albania
Prehistory
Prehistoric Balkans
Antiquity
Illyria
Illyrians
Macedonia (Roman province)
Illyricum
Middle Ages
Albania in the Middle Ages
Albania under the Byzantine Empire
Albania under the Bulgarian Empire
Albania under the Serbian Empire
Principality of Arbėr
Kingdom of Albania
Albanian Principalities
League of Lezhė
Venetian Albania
Ottoman Albania
Ottoman Albania
Sanjak of Albania
Sanjak of Scutari
Sanjak of Debar
Scutari Vilayet
Janina Vilayet
Kosovo Vilayet
Albanian Pashaliks
Massacre of the Albanian beys
Albanian National Awakening
Revolts of 1833-1839
Revolt of 1843-1844
Revolt of 1847
League of Prizren
League of Peja
Revolt of 1910
Revolt of 1911
Battle of Deēiq
Revolt of 1912
Albanian Vilayet
Albanian Declaration of Independence
Post-Independence
Independent Albania
Provisional Government
Albanian Congress of Trieste
International Commission of Control
Balkan Wars
Principality of Albania
Peasant Revolt in Albania
Republic of Central Albania
Vlora War
Republic of Korēė
Republic of Mirdita
Italian Protectorate on southern Albania
Vlora War
Congress of Lushnjė
Italian protectorate over Albania
Union of Italia & Albania
Albania under Germany
Albanian Resistance
Second League of Prizren
Liberation of Albania
Communist Albania
Contemporary Albania
Post-Communism
1997 unrest
Republic of Albania
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Main article: History of Albania
The history of Albania emerged from the prehistoric stage from the 4th century BC, with early records of Illyria in Greco-Roman historiography. The modern territory of Albania has no counterpart in antiquity, comprising parts of the Roman provinces of Dalmatia (southern Illyricum), Macedonia (particularly Epirus Nova), and Moesia Superior. The territory remained under Roman (Byzantine) control until the Slavic migrations of the 7th century, and was integrated into the Bulgarian Empire in the 9th century.
The territorial nucleus of the Albanian state formed in the Middle Ages, as the Principality of Arbėr and the Kingdom of Albania. The first records of the Albanian people as a distinct ethnicity also date to this period. In 15th century there was a series of confrontations between Albanians led by Scanderbeg and the advancing Ottoman Empire. Soon after the death of Scanderbeg, upon the successful Ottoman siege of Shkodra in 1478, the organized resistance ceased and the country became part of Ottoman Empire. It remained under Ottoman control as part of the Rumelia province until 1912, when the first independent Albanian state was declared. The formation of an Albanian national consciousness dates to the latter 19th century and is part of the larger phenomenon of rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire.
The first organization which opposed the partition of Albania and pushed for greater autonomy was the League of Prizren, formed on 1 June 1878, in Prizren, Kosovo. The League of Prizren used military force to prevent the annexing of northern Albanian areas assigned to Montenegro, and Serbia, and southern Albanian areas assigned to Greece by the Congress of Berlin. After several battles with the Montenegran troops, the league was forced to cede Ulcinj to Montenegro and then was defeated by the Ottoman Army sent by the Sultan in order to prevent the league from achieving autonomy for Albania.[25] The uprisings of 1910-1912, and the Ottoman defeat in the Balkan Wars, and the advancing Montenegran, Serbian, and Greek armies into the territory of what is now Albania, led to the proclamation of independence by Ismail Qemali in Vlora, on 28 November 1912. Albania's independence was recognized by the Conference of London on July 29, 1913, but the drawing of the borders of Albania ignored the demographic realities of the time.[26]
The short-lived monarchy (19141925) was succeeded by an even shorter-lived first Albanian Republic (19251928), to be replaced by another monarchy (19281939), which was annexed by Fascist Italy and then by Nazi Germany during World War II. After the collapse of the Axis powers, Albania became a communist state, the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, which was dominated by Enver Hoxha (died 1985). Hoxha's political heir Ramiz Alia oversaw the disintegration of the "Hoxhaist" state during the wider collapse of the Eastern Bloc in the later 1980s.
The communist regime collapsed in 1990, and the Republic of Albania was founded in 1991. The old communist party was routed in the elections of March 1992, amid economic collapse and social unrest. An economic crisis spread in the late 1996 following the failure of some Ponzi schemes operating in the country, peaking in 1997 in an armed rebellion, that led to another mass emigration of Albanians, mostly to Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Germany and North America.
In 1999 the country was affected by the Kosovo War, when a great number of Albanians from Kosovo found refuge in Albania.
Albania became a full member of NATO in 2009. The country is applying to join the European Union.
Independence
Independent Albania
Principality of Albania
Albanian Republic
Albanian Kingdom
Albania under Italy
Albania under Germany
Communist Albania
Republic of Albania
1912
19121914
19141925
19251928
19281939
19391943
19431944
19441992
since 1992
George Kastrioti Skanderbeg
(14051468)
Ismail Qemali, hero of Albanian independence (191214)
President (192428)
and King (192839)
Zog of Albania
Enver Hoxha
(19441985)
Administrative divisions
Main articles: Counties of Albania, Districts of Albania, and Municipalities of Albania
Albania is divided into 12 administrative counties (Albanian: qark or prefekturė). These counties include 36 districts (Albanian: rreth) and 373 municipalities (Albanian: bashki or komunė). 72 municipalities have city status (Albanian: qytet). There are overall 2980 villages/communities (Albanian: fshat) in all Albania. Each district has its council which is composed of a number of municipalities. The municipalities are the first level of local governance, responsible for local needs and law enforcement.[27]
County
Capital
Districts
Municipalities
Cities
Villages
1
Berat
Berat
Berat
Kuēovė
Skrapar
10
2
8
2
1
2
122
18
105
2
Dibėr
Peshkopi
Bulqizė
Dibėr
Mat
7
14
10
1
1
2
63
141
76
3
Durrės
Durrės
Durrės
Krujė
6
4
4
2
62
44
4
Elbasan
Elbasan
Elbasan
Gramsh
Librazhd
Peqin
20
9
9
5
3
1
2
1
177
95
75
49
5
Fier
Fier
Fier
Lushnjė
Mallakastėr
14
14
8
3
2
1
117
121
40
6
Gjirokastėr
Gjirokastėr
Gjirokastėr
Pėrmet
Tepelenė
11
7
8
2
2
2
96
98
77
7
Korēė
Korēė
Devoll
Kolonjė
Korēė
Pogradec
4
6
14
7
1
2
2
1
44
76
153
72
8
Kukės
Kukės
Has
Kukės
Tropojė
3
14
7
1
1
1
30
89
68
9
Lezhė
Lezhė
Kurbin
Lezhė
Mirditė
2
9
5
2
1
2
26
62
80
10
Shkodėr
Shkodėr
Malėsi e Madhe
Pukė
Shkodėr
5
8
15
1
2
2
56
75
141
11
Tirana
Tirana
Kavajė
Tirana
8
16
2
3
66
167
12
Vlorė
Vlorė
Delvinė
Sarandė
Vlorė
3
7
9
1
2
4
38
62
99
Government, politics and armed forces
Main article: Politics of Albania
Albania
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Albania
Constitution
Constitution
Human rights
Legislature
Assembly
Chairman
Jozefina Topalli
Political parties
Judiciary
Constitutional Court
Administrative Court
Court of Justice
(ordinary jurisdiction)
Supreme Court
Executive
President
Bamir Topi
Prime Minister
Sali Berisha
Cabinet
Divisions
Districts
Counties
Municipalities
Elections
2001
2005
2009
Foreign policy
Foreign relations
Accession to European Union
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The Albanian republic is a parliamentary democracy established under a constitution renewed in 1998. Elections are held every four years to a unicameral 140-seat chamber, the People's Assembly. In June 2002, a compromise candidate, Alfred Moisiu, former Army General, was elected to succeed President Rexhep Meidani. Parliamentary elections in July 2005 brought Sali Berisha, an ex-Albanian communist party member, back to power as leader of the Democratic Party. The current president Bamir Topi was elected by Parliament in July 2007.
The Euro-Atlantic integration of Albania has been the ultimate goal of the post-communist governments. Albania's EU membership bid has been set as a priority by the European Commission.
Albania, along with Croatia, joined NATO on 1 April 2009, becoming the 27th and 28th members of the alliance.[28]
The workforce of Albania has continued to migrate to Greece, Italy, Germany, other parts of Europe, and North America. However, the migration flux is slowly decreasing, as more and more opportunities are emerging in Albania itself as its economy steadily develops.
Executive branch
The head of state in Albania is the President of the Republic. The President is elected to a 5-year term by the Assembly of the Republic of Albania by secret ballot, requiring a 50%+1 majority of the votes of all deputies. The next election will be held in 2012. The current President of the Republic is Bamir Topi.
The President has the power to guarantee observation of the constitution and all laws, act as commander in chief of the armed forces, exercise the duties of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania when the Assembly is not in session, and appoint the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister).
Executive power rests with the Council of Ministers (cabinet). The Chairman of the Council (prime minister) is appointed by the president; ministers are nominated by the president on the basis of the prime minister's recommendation. The People's Assembly must give final approval of the composition of the Council. The Council is responsible for carrying out both foreign and domestic policies. It directs and controls the activities of the ministries and other state organs.
President
Bamir Topi
PD
20 July 2007
Prime Minister
Sali Berisha
PD
9 September 2009
Legislative branch
The Assembly of the Republic of Albania (Kuvendi i Republikės sė Shqipėrisė) is the lawmaking body in Albania. There are 140 deputies in the Assembly, which are elected through a party-list proportional representation system. The President of the Assembly (or Speaker), who has two deputies, chairs the Assembly. There are 15 permanent commissions, or committees. Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years.
The Assembly has the power to decide the direction of domestic and foreign policy; approve or amend the constitution; declare war on another state; ratify or annul international treaties; elect the President of the Republic, the Supreme Court, and the Attorney General and his or her deputies; and control the activity of state radio and television, state news agency and other official information media.
Patrol boat Iliria of the Albanian Navy
Armed forces
Main article: Military of Albania
The Albanian Armed Forces (Forcat e Armatosura tė Shqipėrisė) were first formed after independence in 1912. Albania reduced the number of active troops from 65,000 in 1988[29] to 14,500 in 2009[30] and the military now consists mainly of a small fleet of aircraft and sea vessels. In the 1990s, the country scrapped enormous amounts of obsolete hardware, such as tanks and SAM systems from China.[citation needed]
Today, it consists of the General Staff Headquarters, the Albanian Land Forces, Albanian Air Force, Albanian Naval Defense Forces, the Albanian Logistic Brigade and the Albanian Training and Doctrine Command. Increasing the military budget was one of the most important conditions for NATO integration. Military spending accounted for about 2.7% of GDP in 2008. Since February 2008, Albania participates officially in NATO's Operation Active Endeavor in the Mediterranean Sea.[31] and received a NATO membership invitation on 3 April 2008.[32] Albania became a full member of NATO on 1 April 2009.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Albania
Satellite image of Albania
Ksamil islets.
Albania has a total area of 28,748 square kilometers. It lies between latitudes 39° and 43° N, and mostly between longitudes 19° and 21° E (a small area lies east of 21°). Albania's coastline length is 476 km (296 mi)[33]:240 and extends along the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The lowlands of the west face the Adriatic Sea. The 70% of the country that is mountainous is rugged and often inaccessible from the outside. The highest mountain is Korab situated in the district of Dibėr, reaching up to 2,753 metres (9,032 ft). The climate on the coast is typically Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and warm, sunny, and rather dry summers.
Inland conditions vary depending on altitude, but the higher areas above 1,500 m/5,000 ft are rather cold and frequently snowy in winter; here cold conditions with snow may linger into spring. Besides the capital city of Tirana, which has 800,000 inhabitants, the principal cities are Durrės, Korēė, Elbasan, Shkodėr, Gjirokastėr, Vlorė and Kukės. In Albanian grammar, a word can have indefinite and definite forms, and this also applies to city names: both Tiranė and Tirana, Shkodėr and Shkodra are used.
The three largest and deepest tectonic lakes of the Balkan Peninsula are partly located in Albania. Lake Shkodėr in the country's northwest has a surface which can vary between 370 km2 (140 sq mi) and 530 km2, out of which one third belongs to Albania and rest to Montenegro. The Albanian shoreline of the lake is 57 km (35 mi). Ohrid Lake is situated in the country's southeast and is shared between Albania and Republic of Macedonia. It has a maximal depth of 289 meters and a variety of unique flora and fauna can be found there, including "living fossils" and many endemic species. Because of its natural and historical value, Ohrid Lake is under the protection of UNESCO. There is also Butrinti Lake which is a small tectonic lake. It is located in the national park of Butrint.
Climate
Albanian Alps
With its coastline facing the Adriatic and Ionian seas, its highlands backed upon the elevated Balkan landmass, and the entire country lying at a latitude subject to a variety of weather patterns during the winter and summer seasons, Albania has a high number of climatic regions relative to its landmass. The coastal lowlands have typically Mediterranean weather; the highlands have a Mediterranean continental climate. In both the lowlands and the interior, the weather varies markedly from north to south.
The lowlands have mild winters, averaging about 7 °C (45 °F). Summer temperatures average 24 °C (75 °F). In the southern lowlands, temperatures average about 5 °C (9 °F) higher throughout the year. The difference is greater than 5 °C (9 °F) during the summer and somewhat less during the winter.
Inland temperatures are affected more by differences in elevation than by latitude or any other factor. Low winter temperatures in the mountains are caused by the continental air mass that dominates the weather in Eastern Europe and the Balkans. Northerly and northeasterly winds blow much of the time. Average summer temperatures are lower than in the coastal areas and much lower at higher elevations, but daily fluctuations are greater. Daytime maximum temperatures in the interior basins and river valleys are very high, but the nights are almost always cool.
Albanian landscape
Average precipitation is heavy, a result of the convergence of the prevailing airflow from the Mediterranean Sea and the continental air mass. Because they usually meet at the point where the terrain rises, the heaviest rain falls in the central uplands. Vertical currents initiated when the Mediterranean air is uplifted also cause frequent thunderstorms. Many of these storms are accompanied by high local winds and torrential downpours.
When the continental air mass is weak, Mediterranean winds drop their moisture farther inland. When there is a dominant continental air mass, cold air spills onto the lowland areas, which occurs most frequently in the winter. Because the season's lower temperatures damage olive trees and citrus fruits, groves and orchards are restricted to sheltered places with southern and western exposures, even in areas with high average winter temperatures.
Lowland rainfall averages from 1,000 millimeters (39.4 in) to more than 1,500 millimeters (59.1 in) annually, with the higher levels in the north. Nearly 95% of the rain falls in the winter.
Rainfall in the upland mountain ranges is heavier. Adequate records are not available, and estimates vary widely, but annual averages are probably about 1,800 millimeters (70.9 in) and are as high as 2,550 millimeters (100.4 in) in some northern areas. The western Albanian Alps (valley of Boga) are among the wettest areas in Europe, receiving some 3,100 mm (122.0 in) of rain annually.[34] The seasonal variation is not quite as great in the coastal area.
The higher inland mountains receive less precipitation than the intermediate uplands. Terrain differences cause wide local variations, but the seasonal distribution is the most consistent of any area.
In 2009 an expedition from University of Colorado discovered four small glaciers in the 'Cursed' mountains in North Albania. The glaciers are at the relatively low level of 2,000 meters almost unique for such a southerly latitude.[35]
Flora and fauna
The lynx still survives in Albania.[36]
Although a small country, Albania is distinguished for its rich biological diversity. The variation of geomorphology, climate and terrain create favorable conditions for a number of endemic and sub-endemic species with 27 endemic and 160 subendemic vascular plants present in the country. The total number of plants is over 3250 species, approximately 30% of the entire flora species found in Europe.
Over a third of the territory of Albania about 10,000 square kilometers (2.5 million acres) is forested and the country is very rich in flora. About 3,000 different species of plants grow in Albania, many of which are used for medicinal purposes. Phytogeographically, Albania belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the Adriatic and East Mediterranean provinces of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. Coastal regions and lowlands have typical Mediterranean macchia vegetation, whereas oak forests and vegetation are found on higher altitudes. Vast forests of black pine, beech and fir are found on higher mountains and alpine grasslands grow at altitudes above 1800 meters.[37]
Golden eaglethe national symbol of Albania.[38]
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and Digital Map of European Ecological Regions by the European Environment Agency, the territory of Albania can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests and Dinaric Alpine mixed forests. The forests are home to a wide range of mammals, including wolves, bears, wild boars and chamois. Lynx, wildcats, pine martens and polecats are rare, but survive in some parts of the country.
There are around 760 vertebrate species found so far in Albania. Among these there are over 350 bird species, 330 freshwater and marine fish and 80 mammal species. There are some 91 globally threatened species found within the country, among which the Dalmatian pelican, Pygmy cormorant, and the Eur
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