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Djibouti Phone Cards and Djibouti Calling Cards
2005. He took 100% of the votes in a 78.9% turnout.
The prime minister, who follows the council of ministers ('cabinet'), is appointed by the President. The parliament – the Chambre des Députés – consists of 52 members who are selected every five to nine years.
In 2001, the Djiboutian government leased the former French Foreign Legion base Camp Lemonnier to the United States Central Command for operations related to Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA). In 2009, Central Command transitioned responsibilities in Africa to AFRICOM.
It is from Djibouti that Abu Ali al-Harithi, suspected mastermind of the 2000 USS Cole bombing, and the American citizen Ahmed Hijazi, along with four others persons, were killed in 2002 while riding a car in Yemen, by a Hellfire missile launched by an RQ-1 Predator drone provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[11] It is also from there that the American Army launched a few attacks in 2007 against enemy forces in Somalia.
France's 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion is based in Djibouti, but not in Djibouti City.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Djibouti
Lac Assal area
Djibouti lies in Northeast Africa on the Gulf of Aden at the southern entrance to the Red Sea. It has 314 km (195 mi) of coastline and shares a 113 km (70 mi) border with Eritrea, 337 km (209 mi) with Ethiopia and 58 km (36 mi) with Somalia (total 506 km/314 mi). The country is mainly a stony semidesert, with scattered plateaus and highlands. It has an area of 8,900 square miles (23,051 km2).
Regions and districts
Main articles: Regions of Djibouti and Districts of Djibouti
Djibouti is sectioned into five regions and one city. It is further subdivided into eleven districts.
The regions and city are:
Ali Sabieh Region (Région d'Ali Sabieh)
Arta Region (Région d'Arta)
Dikhil Region (Région de Dikhil)
Djibouti (city) (Ville de Djibouti)
Obock Region (Région d'Obock)
Tadjourah Region (Région de Tadjourah)
Economy
Main article: Economy of Djibouti
The economy of Djibouti is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. Two-thirds of the inhabitants live in the capital city, the remainder being mostly nomadic herders. Scant rainfall limits crop production to fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported.
Fishing boats docked at the Port of Djibouti.
In April 2005, the United Nations World Food Programme warned that 30,000 people in Djibouti face serious food shortages following three years of poor rains.[12]
Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. Daniel R. Sutton, an American salt miner, is also overseeing some $70 million operation to industrialize the collection of Djibouti’s plentiful salt in the Region Lake Asal.
There are gold miners from India, geothermal experts from Iceland, Turkish hotel managers, Saudi oil engineers, French bankers and American military contractors. Investors from Dubai have leased the country's port, in an effort to develop the area as a gateway to the region. Saudi investors are reportedly exploring the possibility of linking the Horn of Africa with the Arabian Peninsula via an 18-mile long oversea bridge referred to as the Bridge of the Horns. Tarek bin Laden, half brother of Osama bin Laden, has been linked to the project.
An unemployment rate of 40% to 50% continues to be a major problem. Inflation is not a concern, however, because of the fixed tie of the franc to the U.S. dollar. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last seven years because of recession, civil war, and a high population growth rate (including immigrants and refugees). The secession of Eritrea from Ethiopia has been beneficial to Djibouti, as the Port of Djibouti is now serving as landlocked Ethiopia's primary link to the sea. Faced with a multitude of economic difficulties, the government has fallen into arrears on long-term external debt and has been struggling to meet the stipulations of foreign aid donors.[1]
Demographics
Afar man in nomadic attire
A Somali man in a traditional taqiyah.
Main article: Demographics of Djibouti
The population consists of two major ethnic groups: the Somali and the Afar. The Somali clan component in Djibouti is mainly composed of the Issas, who form the majority, and the Gadabuursi. Both are subclans of the Dir. The Issas form part of the Madoobe Dir while the Gadabuursi are part of the Madaluug Dir. The remainder of the population consists of Europeans (mostly French and Italians), Arabs and Ethiopians. Although French and Arabic are the official languages, Somali and Afar are widely spoken.[1] The bulk of Djibouti's people are urban residents; the remainder are pastoralists.
Health
The life expectancy at birth is about 60 for both females and males.[13] Fertility is at about 3 children per woman.[13] In the country there are about 18 doctors per 100,000 persons.[14]
According to a 2005 World Health Organization estimate, about 93.1% of Djibouti's women and girls have undergone female circumcision,[15] a pre-marital custom mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the Near East.[16][17] Encouraged by women in the community, it is primarily intended to deter promiscuity and to offer protection from assault.[18] About 94% of Djibouti's male population is also reportedly circumcised.[19]
Religion
Mosque in Djibouti city
Djibouti's population is predominantly Muslim. Islam is observed by 94% of Djibouti's population (about 444,440), while the remaining six percent, primarily consisting of foreign nationals, follow various Christian traditions.[20]
Religion in Djibouti
religion
percent
Islam
?
94%
Christian
?
6%
Every town and village in Djibouti has a mosque where people go to worship.[citation needed] Tombs of their former religious leaders and those considered holy are known as sacred spaces. The most famous sacred space for Islam in Djibouti is the tomb of Sheikh Abu Yazid, which is found in the Goda Mountains.[citation needed] In addition to the Islamic calendar, Muslims in Djibouti also recognize New Year's Day (January 1) and Labor Day (May 1) as holidays.[citation needed]
While the Republic of Djibouti names Islam as the sole state religion, the Constitution of 1992 provides for the equality of citizens of all faiths (Art. 1) as well as the freedom to practise any religion (Art. 11). Djibouti's Family Code (Code de la Famille) of 2002 prohibits Muslim women from marrying non-Muslim men, unless the men convert to Islam. Marriage, divorce and inheritance are handled by the Family Court which applies the Family Code and has jurisdiction over Muslims, while non-Muslims must instead turn to civil courts. According to the International Religious Freedom Report 2008, while Muslim Djiboutians have the legal right to convert to another faith or marry outside of Islam, "converts may face negative societal, tribal, and familial attitudes towards their decision" and often face pressure to revert to Islam.[21]
Estimates on the Christian minority vary from less than one percent to six percent of the population.[citation needed] Between 7,000 and 8,000 Catholics live in Djibouti, of which some 300 are local Djiboutians, the rest being foreigners[citation needed]. The Christian population largely consists of foreign-born or expatriate residents.[citation needed] Djibouti has a Catholic diocese, 4 Catholic priests all of whom are foreigners – as well as about 40 Catholic missionaries.[citation needed]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Djibouti
Beach in Djibouti City
Djiboutian attire reflects the region's hot and arid climate. When not dressed in western clothing such as jeans and t-shirts, men typically wear the macawiis, which is a sarong-like garment worn around the waist. Among nomads, many wear a loosely wrapped white cotton robe called a tobe that goes down to about the knee, with the end thrown over the shoulder (much like a Roman toga).
Women typically wear the dirac, which is a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of cotton or polyester that is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Married women tend to sport head-scarves referred to as shash, and also often cover their upper body with a shawl known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb such as the male jellabiya (jellabiyaad in Somali) and the female jilbab is also commonly worn. For some occasions such as festivals, women may adorn themselves with specialized jewelry and head-dresses similar to those worn by the Berber tribes of the Maghreb.[22]
A lot of Djibouti's original art is passed on and preserved orally, mainly through song. Many examples of Islamic, Ottoman, and French influences can also be noted in the local buildings, which contain plasterwork, carefully constructed motifs and calligraphy.
See also: Music of Djibouti and List of African writers (by country)#Djibouti
Education
Main article: Education in Djibouti
Education in Djibouti is strongly influenced by France.[23] (Hare 2007) Although the government effort resulted in an increase in enrollment during the 1990s, the education system is still below people’s expectations and the needs of a developing nation.[24] There are 81 public primary schools, 24 registered private primary schools, 12 secondary schools and two vocational schools in Djibouti.[23] [25] Female gross enrollment rate was at only 21.9 % and male gross enrollment rate at 29.0 % in 2007. [26]
See also
Africa portal
Main articles: Outline of Djibouti and Index of Djibouti-related articles
Communications in Djibouti
Foreign relations of Djibouti
Military of Djibouti
Transport in Djibouti
Ethio-Djibouti Railways
Scouting in Djibouti
Somali people
Afar people
Afar triangle
Arab League
Pan Sahel Initiative
References
^ a b c "Djibouti". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2007-09-06. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
^ a b c d "Djibouti". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=611&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=77&pr.y=16. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
^ Human Development Report 2009. The United Nations. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
^ A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress
^ Hugh Chisholm (ed.), The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 25, (At the University press: 1911), p.383.
^ Worldstatesmen.org
^ a b Barrington, Lowell, After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States, (University of Michigan Press: 2006), p.115
^ Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African history, (CRC Press: 2005), p.360.
^ "DJIBOUTI: Guelleh sworn in for second presidential term". http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=47007. Retrieved December 4, 2005.
^ Djibouti: a new army behind the wire, Le Monde diplomatique, February 2003 (English) (+ (French)/(Portuguese))
^ Djibouti drought threatens 30,000 with grave food shortages, 29 April 2005, World Food Programme. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
^ a b https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html
^ "IRIN | Country Profile | Djibouti". Irinnews.org. http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=DJ&RegionCode=HOA. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
^ Prevalence of FGM
^ Rose Oldfield Hayes (November 1975). "Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis". American Ethnologist 2 (4): 617–633. doi:10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030.
^ Herbert L. Bodman, Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi, Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity, (Lynne Rienner Publishers: 1998), p. 41.
^ Suzanne G. Frayser, Thomas J. Whitby, Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide, (Libraries Unlimited: 1995), p. 257.
^ Male Circumcision and AIDS: The Macroeconomic Impact of a Health Crisis
^ CIA World Factbook – Djibouti
^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "[accessed 13 December 2009 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, "Djibouti: Situation and treatment of Christians, including instances of discrimination or violence; effectiveness of recourse available in cases of mistreatment; problems that a Muslim can face if he or she converts to Christianity or marries a Christian (2000–2009)", 5 August 2009". Unhcr.org. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4b20f03523.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
^ "Image of Djibouti women in head-dresses". http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Images/Places/Djibouti/Women_Costumes_Djibouti.jpg. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
^ a b "Hare, Harry (2007) ICT in Education in Djibouti, World Bank". http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.398.html.
^ "Hare, Harry (2007) ICT in Education in Djibouti, World Bank".
^ "http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/cr09203.pdf". http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2004/cr04152.pdf.
^ "Human Development Report 2009 - Djibouti". Hdrstats.undp.org. http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_DJI.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.
Further reading
Djibouti: Pawn of the Horn of Africa Robert Saint-Veran
Historical Dictionary of Djibouti Daoud A. Alwan
Naval Strategy East of Suez: The Role of Djibouti Charles W
External links
Find more about Djibouti on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
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Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Government
(French) Official Website
Chief of State and Cabinet Members
General information
Djibouti from al-Bab
Country Profile from BBC News
Djibouti entry at The World Factbook
Djibouti from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Djibouti at the Open Directory Project
DjibNet directory, mostly in French
Wikimedia Atlas of Djibouti
News media
allAfrica news headline links
DjibNet daily press review in French and English
Travel
Djibouti travel guide from Wikitravel
Djibouti Photo's
Geographic locale
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